task 8 - Transitions

Task 8 - Transitions

In this post i will be talking about transitions and effects which are important in editing. These allow the editor to use interesting effects to alter there video. Some of the following effects which can be used are;

Transitions

A transition is used to link two clips together, it is placed in-between two clips as a form of movement. there are different types of transition such as dissolve, fade and wipe.

Graphics Match

A graphics match is used in editing as an effect where you match a picture to a video. for an example in the film Physco, the matches in this film is the swirling of the plug whole matched to the next image of Marions eye.

Following the action

following the action would usually occur in a scene in which action is used and therefore the camera follows the event in the scene taking place. For example in Mr and Mrs Smith the gun fight scene this form f editing is used so we can see more of the event.

Multiple Points of View

this form of editing is used to show a specific point of view in which a character is seeing. Another reason in why this may be used is to show what two characters are seeing and switch between one another.

Shot Variation

shot variation is usually when you have to shot and the shot distance changes without the interruption of editing. this has to be used in a way to make the shots look continuous whether they're static or mobile. for example in the film the matrix the shot is long at the begining then the camera moves in a circular motion and ends in a mid-shot.

Manipulation of Diegetic Time and Space

Manipulation of Diegetic Time and Space is used in order to a change in a location, person or an object by them either getting younger older. This effect can be something simple such as a colour change or simple desaturation.

 

in our transitions clip our idea was for david to forget where he put his phone and then go back in time in order to remember where he put in and go and collect it in the future. First of all we record billy and david in a car. They have an argument in why David hasn't been answering his phone, he then realises that he had left it somewhere. We then use a swirl transition to show the going back in time as well as a black and white filter to make it look as it was in the past. After know where he had left it we go back to the normal clip and show david leaving the car and going to where he had left his phone in the black and white section of the clip.

Task 7 - Creating Pace

In this task i'm going to write a detailed post that explains how the pace of editing can be used to create a range of effects. Im going to cover the following:

• Engaging the viewer - In order to engage the viewer some music may be placed on top. for example dramatic music will give the viewer a thought that something is going to happen.
• Speed of Editing - The speed of editing allows you to choose the mood of the scene for example a slow scene will represent a relaxed may be romantic scene.
• Cross Cutting - A way in which you cross cut is in order to connect so scenes together which both have meaning which is related.
• Cutaways- A cut away is a form of editing in which you use in order to give more detail to a scene and more information to the watcher.

• Creating pace - Creating pace will allow you to gain the viewers attention. in order to create pace the clips should be cut at different lengths to show various speeds.
• Development of drama - Cross cutting and development of drama are linked in ways as such. For example in "Scream" was made dramatic due to the fact that the death of Casey and the fact her parents where approaching the house the cross cuts allow there to be suspense created, due to the fact we want the parents to get there to be able to help her and the fact they don't increase the speed in which therefore engages the viewer to watch more closely.

For task 7 we created a short film in order to try and show the different ways and types of editing and how you can build up speed. In our clip we tried to engage the viewer into our clip due to the music in the background as it seemed quite dramatic as well as it created build up de to the drop of sound in the middle of it. Also due to where we started and we ended up the viewer maybe engaged due to the build up of either side of the school. The speed of editing in this film was changed to make it seem like that one of us was faster than the other therefore this kind of built pace as one another of us was racing to try and get the phone. Due to the way we edited it, it almost portrays a short story in the way in which we race to see who can get to the phone first. As well as this as the clip progressed due to the editing we did the cuts gradually become shorter therefore in doing this we try and build up pace. In our film we also used cross cutting as me and David where in the same place but just at different ends and in order to show where one another was we used the cross cut effect. This allowed the clips then to go, one of mine then one of David. There was not much drama made in our clip, the only real bit of drama at the end was the hitting of the door and the fact that David put his hands on his head to show frustration in not winning and getting to the phone first. This is one part of the clip I think we could have improved on. however the music was quite dramatic therefore this added a little boost of drama to our clip.

Task 6 - Non Continuity Editing

Non continuity Editing

The French new wave filmmakers introduced non-continuity editing as Jean Luc Godard and Francois Truffaut, pushed editing into the late 1950s then throughout the 1960's. Non-narrative films of the 1960s used a carefree editing style. Therefore the non-continuity editing style didn't match the etiquette of the Hollywood editing styles. The fact that editing gained a lot of attention was due to its non-continuous ways and its self-reflexive nature. (Reminding them they where watching a film).

In the pictures below we can see two shots from the film "A Bout de Soufflé." This was a French film created by Jean-Luc Goddard. The non-continuous effect of this film was used in order to startle the audience. As you can see in one clip there was her with no mirror out then after a cut all of a sudden we see a mirror out with out even seeing her take it out this is known as a jump cut and is a style of non-continuity editing.

Secondly also in "The Hunger Games" we see a piece of non-continuity editing, Gary Ross created this film. in this he breaks the 180 degree rule. However he does this for a specific reason this reason is that he is trying to show the audience the great atmosphere of the room and how large it is and that everything that there Is in it. This is a successful rule break, as the audience would hardly notice the change due to the room being large and identical almost in each shot. Therefore it doesn't catch you eye and tell you that the 180-degree rule has been broken. Also the reason in which the rule is broken is due to the fact the director is trying to show us the feelings that the character is feeling, these are confused and anxious in the way she doesn't know where she was.

Finally in the film "The Shining" produced by Stanley Kubrick, we also see the breaking of the 180-degree rule. The reason why this had been used in this scene was to create a sense of argument between the two actors as they argue in the toilet. As this is psychological horror the fact the rule is broken is to be able to confuse the viewers and to make them seem anxious.

Task 5 continuity Editing

Task 5 continuity Editing

Continuity editing is the most popular classic form of Hollywood editing, This form of editing was developed by D.W. Griffith such as in "The Birth of a Nation" and "Intolerance"

In continuity editing there are various techniques used these are;

Match on Action;

Match on Action is a basic type of editing which links different shots together, The way match on action is done is, Firstly it starts with the action, then the camera will cut, Finally it will finish with the action. A film maker may use this in his/her film production in order to create continuity in the movie. The fact this is used is in order to create a visual bridge in order to make the film look continuos and not noticing small cuts along the way. If a film maker didnt use these something that could go wrong would to make the film seem like its all clips stuck together rather that it be continuous an flow a lot more easier.


Eye Line Match;

 Eye line match also links two shots together, The way this form of edit is preformed is you have the actor looking at something of screen, a book for example, Then the clip cuts, We then see what the actor was looking at, A film maker may use this in order for the audience to experience the same as the actor. If a film maker didnt use this some parts of the film wouldnt make sense due to the fact that we would see what the actor was looking at but then after we wouldnt know why or what they was looking at the specific object for.

Shot, Reverse Shot;

Shot, reverse shot is performed when two actors are speaking to each other this is carried out as the first shot will be of one character then when the other starts to talk the short will reverse to be on them. A film maker incudes this form of editing is used to allow the audience to see what characters are interacting with each other at ease. If this wasnt included in a film the audience wouldnt know who was talking, who they where talking too and why they may have been interacting with the other actor.

180 Degree Rule;

The basic 180 degree rule is a guideline that indicates all actors should have the same left and right relationship. The film maker may use this in his film to induce stability through out the length of it. If a film maker didnt use this within there film the whole film would look complicated as well as it would make the audience feel puzzled, in order to break the rule you may do this in a chase scene which is full of speed and suspense.

In the short clip that we made to show some of the ways in which you can use continuity editing. Firstly the first way me implemented the use of continuity editing was through match on action, the way we includeed this into are short clip was to use the door, Firstly we showed me opening the door then using the match on action technique we cut the clip and made it as so i was walking through the door into the classroom. why we used this was in order to gain a smooth piece of clip and to allow the video to be continuous in the way you see it. Secondly we incorparated the use of the eye line match technique, we used this almost in the middle of the clip as i ask David "where is my book" and then David points to the book. The clip now then cuts and we show the book in the recording after this i go and recive my book. The fact that we used this was to let the audience know that i had came to see the teacher in order to collect my book. Thirdly into the clip we later induced the, shot reverse shot technique the reason in why we did this, is so that the audience could see that i was intereacting with the teacher and that when it flipped he was interacting with me, The reason in which we used this was in order not the let the audience get confused when the actors where speaking. Finally the 180 degree rule. In our short clip we used the 180 degree rule however, once finishing the recording we found out when we went to edit we encountered a few mistakes, these mistakes where we broke the rule by standing the characters on the wrong sde. Therefore in order to illiminate the mistakes we used editing software to flip the footage at some points in order to not see where we went wrong. Overall this clip wasnt the best by far how ever it did show some type of continuity editing with in it. The areas in which i think i could improve on for the next time in which we shoot a clip and include editing is the 180 degree rule.



here is in the video in which we use the match on action clip. The way we used it is by me going to open the door then cutting the clip and showing me coming through the door.

 This is where we have used the eye line match as it shows david pointing at the book. Then we cut the clip and show the book showing the audience what we are thinking and looking at.



Here we used Shot reverse shot, to show the two characters are communicating with each eachother.

Task Four – Montage

There word montage has three different versions. There is the French term, Hollywood term and the soviet term. The French meaning means basically the assembly of clips and identifies the basic form of editing. Moving on to the Hollywood meaning a sequence of clips and a piece of narrative compressed to shorter length. Finally the last meaning Soviet  is a method of juxtaposing clips to define meaning that didn't exist when each shot was alone. 

The two key film makers of the montage era was, Les Kuleshev, and Serge Eisenstein.

Lev Kuleshev, was amongst one of the very first people to theorise about the cinema in the 1920s, Kuleshev argued that editing was like the construction of a building, (shot-by-shot) brick-by-brick, the shots created the film the bricks helped to erect the building. He did an experiment to prove his point. Through the video below we can see that he took a head shot of a famous Russian actor and intercut it with images. The reason in which why he did this was to allow the audience to make meaning of what they were seeing. The fact that he juxtaposed his shot created relationship within the clip.

Lev Kuleshev's Experiment.

Serge Eisenstein was considered the "Father of Montage", as well as this he was a student of Kuleshev. Eisenstein thought there of being two different ideas of montage. By contrasting shots Eisenstein tried to provoke associations that where induced by shots. As you can see from the clip below which was produced by Eisenstein show us the unrelated shots of the workers are being compared to the slaughter of the cow. This type of montage is a soviet montage.

Eisenstein's Strike Montage

From the clip below we can see that the rocky montage shows his whole training session therefore cut down in to a shorter amount of time meaning that is comes under the holly wood section of montage.

Rocky Hollywood Montage



Our First montage we produced was our holly wood montage. The intention behind this montage was to show the audience a variety of free kicks footballers may preform with or may do to train in order to get ready for a game. the montage makes meaning due to the fact that we start of with the bad free kicks first and gradually preform better ones as the clip gets on. I think this montage is successful in some ways due to its build up of amazing free kicks at the end and the syncing of the best free kick with the music, I think this montage could have been even better if we produced a wider variety of free kicks as the one that we have in it are very similar and therefore makes it seem boring.

Holly Wood Montage

Moving on to our soviet montage. our intention behind this montage was to induce actions to a face. The montage makes meaning due to the face that is shown in between clips in relation to the silly activities that is produced for example throwing the shoe at the wall then there being the face after. This allows the audience to think what the face maybe like there personality due to there actions. I think this was also a successful montage due to the fact that it relates to kuleshevs experiment as it is in a similar way.

Analogue and Digital Editing

Analogue Editing

Analogue editing is a type of editing, which is basically cutting pieces of celluloid film. This type of film is usually printed on acetate film. To be able to edit theses they are usually spliced together to form a reel of film. Once they have been the spliced the reel of film is then fed through a projector at a constant speed of 24 frames per second. They use this speed, as it seemed to be the most realistic to the human eye. This rate of speed allows it to look like the pictures are moving.

Before the use of non-linear editing, editing was done with a initial copy of the film. This means that i you mess up the splicing on the film the feel will be destroyed as you only have one chance of editing it correctly. The initial copy of the film is on a negative film; this is called a work print. By physically cutting and pasting film using the splice and thread method a machine called a Moviola now allowed you to do this with a viewer.

Video Editing.

Before the use of digital editing technologies became available to use, magnetic tapes were used to store information on this are known as videotapes. Most video editing had been suspended, as it has been a timely effort to be able to produce a video via this type of editing. However this type of video editing was cheaper and easier than the earlier method of analogue editing.

Digital Editing

Digital editing is a newly introduced form of editing which has allowed editing to become much more time efficient and easier to do. The form of digital, is electronic media which is stored digitally (as apposed to analogue which is stored on acetate film.) Digital editing is done on a computer in order to manipulate the video and sound from the digital data. Digital data is stored in bits and bytes; this is in a form of 0's and 1's. This allows the computer to easily read the images to be able to edit them in an efficient fashion rather than in a dark room with chemicals developing film. The best thing about this, is that there is no splicing involved therefore it makes editing a lot easier.

With the introduction of no linear editing. It allows you to access any frame of the clip regardless in what order you edit in. The fact that you can now edit any part of the clip at any time, allows you freedom to induce effects such as fades, transitions and the fact you can copy and paste video. Therefore non-linear editing has now advanced a lot since the earlier days of linear editing.

Unit 16 - Developing Editing Techniques

In camera editing is a simple form of editing which you can do without any needs of editing software. In camera editing can be effective for some pieces of recording however it can be also be ineffective as you only have one shot at filming the correct shot. Therefore it requires practice and time. The pioneer who was first to use in camera editing was George Melies in his "The Vanishing Lady". Where he makes the women disappear.

To create this video we first of all in a group we planned out what are film would contain, who would be in it, where we were shooting and any props that would be involved. We put all these ideas into consideration and produced a detailed time line of the shoot we would be taking. In the first shot we filmed David going down the stairs. We used this shot in our video as it had a rather good lighting effect as well as the camera angle was good which allowed us to get some of the stairs and David in the clip. We could have improved this part of the clip if there was more space to place the tripod, as there was not much room to get the perfect angle.

In the second shot we then recorded David coming down the stairs, we recorded this shot as a continuation of the first clip. This shot allowed us to show the viewers that David had fully walked down the stairs and helped move on to the next clip.

Thirdly in continuation of the third clip we have David walking out the door. The opening of the door shows the continuation as its automatic it looks like David is opening it as he finishes walking down the stairs. The bad thing about the shooting of this clip was the timing in which David is coming down the stairs and exiting through the building.

Next inline we have a meet up this is where David and Tony meet to journey to the study room. This is the bit of the film where we introduced talking. The thing we could have improved on in this clip is the fact I laughed as I recorded it.

In addition after this clip we have two viewpoints of David and Tony walking down the side of the building. We also have them talking to induce some more sound to the clip. We first show them entering the sidewalk, and then we see them exiting after to then walk onto the next scene.

Next we have a window shot were we see David and Tony walking up the ramp through the building then up the stairs in an orderly fashion. However the shot was limited because of space therefore we could have improved it if we had more space.

More over we have David and Tony walking up the stairs however this shot was a fail as is David overlapping tony on the stairs where as in the clip before we had Tony in front of David.

Then we had a close up shot of David placing the card on the door and the beep mad this clip due to the close up.

Finally the last clip we had the door closing behind as they entered the study room. However this shot was a bit of a fail as you could see Billys arm as he was closing the door. We could try and eliminate this by maybe shooting at a different angle

In this video what i think we done well was the use of continuation of the clips, however to imporve it i think we could have added more sound as well as practice the clips more before recording them. Also control the laughing so it doesn't affect the clip.

The pros of in camera editing are that it is much easier to get the continuation effect. The fact that you can stop the recording and change scene or remove a prop etc makes this effect very effective. As this effect was easy for me as the specific scenes and the way i recorded them. However i am aware if we was recording a conversation the in camera editing would we a con as the conversation would be unnatural.

The cons of in camera editing are that you can only take the shot once. Therefore it requires a lot of practice before achieving the perfect shot. Also the fact you can’t rewind back makes it harder for you to see what you have recorded. But if you do record back for instance to get the clip back where you left of is really hard, therefore what you have recorded may be over written